Blavatsky Bookstore

Lost Christianities:  The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew


Jesus Christ, the New Testament & Early Christianity

A Library of 12 Essential Titles by Bart D. Ehrman,
the Well-Known New Testament Scholar & Historian

"The author of more than ten books on New Testament history and early Christian writings, Ehrman has established himself as an expert on early Christianity...."-- Library Journal

"Bart D. Ehrman chairs the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Caroline, USA. An authority on the early Christian Church and the life of Jesus, he has appeared on A&E, the History Channel, CNN, and other television and radio shows. He is the author of Jesus, Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium (OUP, 1999), Lost Christianities (OUP, 2004) and Lost Scriptures (OUP, 2004) and has taped several highly popular lecture series for the Teaching Company."

Click on title for more information or simply scroll down this page to view more information about each title.


Jesus:   Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium

Jesus:  Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium
by Bart D. Ehrman

Jesus is one of the few people whose biographies have the ability to spark intense passion and heated controversy. Now, in this highly accessible exploration into Jesus' life, Bart Ehrman reviews the latest textual and archeological research as well as the history of first-century Palestine, drawing a fascinating portrait of the man and his teachings. Read more about this title.

The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings

The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings
by Bart D. Ehrman

This new third edition of Bart Ehrman's highly successful introduction approaches the New Testament from a consistently historical and comparative perspective, emphasizing the rich diversity of the earliest Christian literature. Read more about this title.

A Brief Introduction to the New Testament

A Brief Introduction to the New Testament
by Bart D. Ehrman

A Brief Introduction to the New Testament is a concise and more pedagogical version of Bart D. Ehrman's best-selling The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 3/e. Read more about this title.

The New Testament and Other Early Christian Writings: A Reader

The New Testament and Other Early Christian Writings: A Reader
edited by Bart D. Ehrman

This reader presents, for the first time in one volume, every Christian writing known to have been produced during the first hundred years of the church (30-130 C.E.). In addition to the New Testament itself, it includes other early noncanonical Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses, as well as additional important writings, such as those of the Apostolic Fathers. Read more about this title.

Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
by Bart D. Ehrman

The early Christian Church was a chaos of contending beliefs. Some groups of Christians believed that the world had not been created by God but by a lesser, ignorant deity. Certain sects maintained that Jesus was human but not divine, while others said he was divine but not human. In Lost Christianities, Bart D. Ehrman offers a fascinating look at these early forms of Christianity and shows how they came to be suppressed, reformed, or forgotten. Read more about this title.

Lost Scriptures : Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament

Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament
by Bart D. Ehrman

While most people think that the twenty-seven books of the New Testament are the only sacred writings of the early Christians, this is not at all the case. A companion volume to Bart Ehrman's Lost Christianities, this book offers an anthology of up-to-date and readable translations of many non-canonical writings from the first centuries after Christ--texts that have been for the most part lost or neglected for almost two millennia. Read more about this title.

Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why

Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why
by Bart D. Ehrman

When world-class biblical scholar Bart Ehrman first began to study the texts of the Bible in their original languages he was startled to discover the multitude of mistakes and intentional alterations that had been made by earlier translators. In Misquoting Jesus, Ehrman tells the story behind the mistakes and changes that ancient scribes made to the New Testament and shows the great impact they had upon the Bible we use today. Read more about this title.

The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament

The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament
by Bart D. Ehrman

The victors not only write the history, they also reproduce the texts. In a study that explores the close relationship between the social history of early Christianity and the textual tradition of the emerging New Testament, Ehrman examines how early struggles between Christian "heresy" and "orthodoxy" affected the transmission of the documents over which, in part, the debates were waged.  Read more about this title.

The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration

The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration
by Bruce M. Metzger and Bart D. Ehrman

This thoroughly revised edition of Bruce M. Metzger's classic work is the most up-to-date manual available for the textual criticism of the New Testament.  The Text of the New Testament, Fourth Edition, has been invigorated by the addition of Bart D. Ehrman -- author of numerous best-selling books on the New Testament--as a coauthor. Read more about this title.

After the New Testament: A Reader in Early Christianity

After the New Testament: A Reader in Early Christianity
edited by Bart D. Ehrman

To help readers recognize and experience the rich diversity of the early Christian movement, After the New Testament provides a wide range of texts from the second and third centuries, both "orthodox" and "heterodox."  Read more about this title.

Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E.: A Reader

Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E.: A Reader
edited by Bart D. Ehrman and Andrew S. Jacobs

Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E: A Reader collects primary sources of the early Christian world, from the last "Great Persecution" under Emperor Diocletian to the Council of Chalcedon in the mid-fifth century. Read more about this title.

The Truth & Fiction in the Da Vinci Code: A Historian Explores What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, & Constantine

The Truth & Fiction in the Da Vinci Code: A Historian Explores What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, & Constantine
by Bart D. Ehrman

A staggeringly popular work of fiction, Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code has stood atop The New York Times Bestseller List for well over a year, with millions of copies in print. But this fast-paced mystery is unusual in that the author states up front that the historical information in the book is all factually accurate. But is this claim true? Ehrman separates fact from fiction, the historical realities from the flights of literary fancy.   Read more about this title.


Jesus:   Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium

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Jesus:   Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium
by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, 2001, 288 pp.

"Jesus is one of the few people whose biographies have the ability to spark intense passion and heated controversy. Now, in this highly accessible exploration into Jesus' life, Bart Ehrman reviews the latest textual and archeological research as well as the history of first-century Palestine, drawing a fascinating portrait of the man and his teachings."

"Ehrman shows us what historians have long known about the Gospels and the man who stands behind them. Through a careful evaluation of the New Testament (and other surviving sources, including the more recently discovered Gospels of Thomas and Peter), Ehrman proposes that Jesus can be best understood as an apocalyptic prophet--a man convinced that the world would end dramatically within his lifetime and that a new kingdom would be created on earth. According to Ehrman, Jesus' belief in a coming apocalypse and his expectation of an utter reversal in the world's social organization not only underscores the radicalism of his teachings but also sheds light on both the appeal of his message to society's outcasts and the threat he posed to Jerusalem's established leadership."

"In this sharply written and persuasive book, Ehrman suggests that the apocalyptic fervor that perpetually grips large segments of society is nothing new. Indeed, history's many doomsayers, including those today who are frantic about the new millennium, are close in spirit and thinking to Jesus, who waited in vain for the imminent arrival of a new, peaceful kingdom."

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Table of Contents
1. The End of History as We Know It
2. Who was Jesus? Why It's So Hard to Know
3. How Did the Gospels Get to Be This Way?
4. Looking about a Bit: Non-Christian Sources for the Historical Jesus
5. Looking about a Bit More: Other Christian Sources for the Historical Jesus
6. Moving on to the Past: How Can We Reconstruct the Life of Jesus?
7. Finding a Fit: Jesus in Context
8. Jesus the Apocalyptic Prophet
9. The Apocalyptic Teachings of Jesus
10. A Place for Everything: Jesus' Other Teachings in Their Apocalyptic Context
11. Not in Word Only: The Associates, Deeds, and Controversies of Jesus in Apocalyptic Context
12. The Last Days of Jesus
13. From Apocalyptic Prophet to Lord of All: The Afterlife of Jesus
14. Jesus as the Prophet of the New Millennium: Then and Now

The New Testament:  A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings

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The New Testament:  A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings
by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, Third Edition, 2003, 560 pages; 81 illus., 9 maps, & 30 4-color photos

"This new edition of Bart Ehrman's highly successful introduction approaches the New Testament from a consistently historical and comparative perspective, emphasizing the rich diversity of the earliest Christian literature. Rather than shying away from the critical problems presented by these books, Ehrman addresses the historical and literary challenges they pose and shows why scholars continue to argue over such significant issues as how the books of the New Testament came into being, what they mean, how they relate to contemporary Christian and non-Christian literature, and how they came to be collected into a canon of Scripture. Distinctive to this study is its emphasis on the historical, literary, and religious milieu of the Greco-Roman world, including early Judaism. As part of its historical orientation, this text also discusses works by other Christian writers who were roughly contemporary with the New Testament, such as the Gospel of Thomas, the Apocalypse of Peter, and the letters of Ignatius. The volume is enhanced by two color inserts, one on illuminated manuscripts and the other on archaeology."

"The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 3/e, is an accessible, clearly written introduction that encourages students to consider the historical issues surrounding these writings."

New to this edition:
•  Additional material on archaeology, including a new eight-page color insert
•  "What to Expect" and "At a Glance" boxes that provide summaries of the material covered in each chapter
•  More extensive treatments of Judaism and of the role of women in the history of early Christianity
•  An Instructor's Manual containing chapter summaries and discussion questions

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Table of Contents
Ch 1 What is the New Testament? The Early Christians and Their Literature

Ch 2 The World of Early Christian Traditions
Ch 3 The Traditions of Jesus in Their Greco-Roman Context
Ch 4 The Christian Gospels: A Literary and Historical Introduction
Ch 5 Jesus, the Suffering Son of God: The Gospel according to Mark
Ch 6 The Synoptic Problem and Its Significance for Interpretation
Ch 7 Jesus, the Jewish Messiah: The Gospel according to Matthew
Ch 8 Jesus, the Savior of the World: The Gospel according to Luke
Ch 9 Luke’s Second Volume: The Acts of the Apostles
Ch 10 Jesus, the Man Sent from Heaven: The Gospel according to John
Ch 11 From John’s Jesus to the Gnostic Christ: The Johannine Epistles and Beyond
Ch 12 Jesus from Different Perspectives: Other Gospels in Early Christianity
Ch 13 The Historical Jesus: Sources, Problems, and Methods
Ch 14 Excursus: The Historian and the Problem of Miracle
Ch 15 Jesus in Context
Ch 16 Jesus the Apocalyptic Prophet
Ch 17 From Jesus to the Gospels
Ch 18 Paul the Apostle: The Man and His Mission
Ch 19 Paul and His Apostolic Mission: 1 Thessalonians as a Test Case
Ch 20 Paul and the Crises of His Churches: 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, and Philemon
Ch 21 The Gospel according to Paul: The Letter to the Romans
Ch 22 Does the Tradition Miscarry? Paul in Relation to Jesus, James, Thecla, and Theudas
Ch 23 In the Wake of the Apostle: The Deutero-Pauline and Pastoral Epistles
Ch 24 From Paul’s Female Colleagues to the Pastor’s Intimidated Women: The Oppression of Women in Early Christianity
Ch 25 Christians and Jews: Hebrews, Barnabas, and Later Anti-Jewish Literature
Ch 26 Christians and Pagans: 1 Peter, the Letters of Ignatius, the Martyrdom of Polycarp, and Later Apologetic Literature
Ch 27 Christians and Christians: James the Didache, Polycarp, 1 Clement, Jude, and 2 Peter
Ch 28 Christians and the Cosmos: The Revelation of John, The Shepherd of Hermas, and the Apocalypse of Peter
Ch 29 Epilogue: Do We have the Original New Testament?

A Brief Introduction to the New Testament

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A Brief Introduction to the New Testament
by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, 2004, 424 pp., 15 color illustrations, 70 b/w illustrations & maps

"Ehrman has contributed a thorough, complete, and carefully devised introduction to the field of study . . . an accurate, yet nuanced, synthesis of the central issues in New Testament studies. The defining characteristic of A Brief Introduction is the degree of energy and imagination it invests in pedagogical sophistication. Perhaps no critical and historical introduction to the New Testament has ever been more "student friendly." Besides its wholesale investment in pedagogical sophistication, perhaps the greatest strength of the "Ehrman" method of New Testament introduction as a whole is its ability to introduce nascent Christianity in terms of where it had come from in its origins while also pointing toward what it would become in later centuries." -- C.D. Elledge, Gustavus Adolphus College, for Review of Biblical Literature

"A Brief Introduction to the New Testament is an accessible, clearly written introduction that encourages readers and students to consider the historical issues surrounding these writings."

A Brief Introduction is a concise and more pedagogical version of Bart D. Ehrman's best-selling The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, Third Edition. This volume is nine chapters shorter than the original work."

"Retaining the approach of the longer textbook while condensing and simplifying much of its material, this volume looks at the New Testament from a consistently historical and comparative perspective and emphasizes the rich diversity of the earliest Christian literature."

"Rather than shying away from the critical problems presented by these books, Ehrman addresses the historical and literary challenges they pose. He shows why scholars continue to argue over such significant issues as how the books of the New Testament came into being, what they mean, and how they relate to contemporary Christian and non-Christian literature. Distinctive to this study is its emphasis on the historical, literary, and religious milieu of the Greco-Roman world, including early Judaism."

Features:

•  Covers the fundamentals of New Testament scholarship in an engaging style, making challenging material easily understandable to undergraduates in introductory courses
•  Retains the numerous pedagogical devices from the longer textbook: "What to Expect" and "At a Glance" boxes introduce and provide summaries of the material covered in each chapter "Something to Think About" and "Some More Information" boxes offer thought-provoking asides
•  Adds new study aids: Key Terms (each appearing in boldface the first time it is used), Questions for Study and Reflection, and a greatly expanded Glossary
•  Includes a full-color eight-page insert on archaeology
•  A Student Website contains chapter summaries, guides for reading, and self-quizzes
•  An Instructor's Manual provides chapter summaries, student reading guides, pedagogical suggestions, and exam questions and answers

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The New Testament and Other Early Christian Writings: A Reader

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The New Testament and Other Early Christian Writings: A Reader
edited by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2003, 432 pp.

"The twenty-seven books of the New Testament were not the only writings produced by early Christians. Nor were they the only ones to be accepted, at one time or another, as sacred Scripture. Unfortunately, nearly all the other early Christian writings have been lost or destroyed. But approximately twenty-five books written at about the same time as the New Testament have survived--books that reveal the rich diversity of early Christian views about God, Jesus, the world, salvation, ethics, and ritual practice."

"This reader presents, for the first time in one volume, every Christian writing known to have been produced during the first hundred years of the church (30-130 C.E.). In addition to the New Testament itself, it includes other early noncanonical Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses, as well as additional important writings, such as those of the Apostolic Fathers. Each text is provided in an up-to-date and readable translation (including the NRSV for the New Testament), and introduced with a succinct and incisive discussion of its author, date of composition, and overarching themes. This second edition adds The Martyrdom of Polycarp, features Ehrman's new, accessible translations of many of the noncanonical works, and provides updated introductions that incorporate the most recent scholarship."

"With an opening overview that shows how the canon of the New Testament came to be formulated--the process by which some Christian books came to be regarded as sacred Scripture whereas others came to be excluded--this accessible reader will meet the needs of students, scholars, and general readers alike. An ideal primary text for courses in the New Testament, Christian Origins, and Early Church History, it can be used in conjunction with its companion volume, the author's The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, 3/e (OUP, 2003).

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Table of Contents
Preface
General Introduction

EARLY CHRISTIAN GOSPELS
     The Gospel According to Matthew
     The Gospel According to Mark
     The Gospel According to Luke
     The Gospel According to John

     The Gospel of Thomas
     The Gospel of Peter
     The Infancy Gospel of Thomas
     The Secret Gospel of Mark
     Papyrus Egerton 2: The Unknown Gospel
     The Gospel of the Ebionites
     The Gospel of the Nazareans
     The Gospel According to the Hebrews

EARLY CHRISTIAN ACTS
     The Acts of the Apostles
     The Acts of Paul and Thecla
     The Martyrdom of Polycarp

EARLY CHRISTIAN LETTERS ATTRIBUTED TO PAUL
     The Letter to the Romans
     The First Letter to the Corinthians
     The Second Letter to the Corinthians
     The Letter to the Galatians
     The Letter to the Ephesians
     The Letter to the Philippians
     The Letter to the Colossians
     The First Letter to the Thessalonians
     The Second Letter to the Thessalonians
     The First Letter to Timothy
     The Second Letter to Timothy
     The Letter to Titus

     The Letter to Philemon
     The Third Letter to the Corinthians

 



GENERAL EPISTLES AND OTHER EARLY CHRISTIAN WRITINGS

     The Letter to the Hebrews
     The Letter of James
     The Letter of 1 Peter
     The Letter of 2 Peter
     The Letter of 1 John
     The Letter of 2 John
     The Letter of 3 John
     The Letter of Jude
     The Letter of 1 Clement
     The Didache
     The Letter of Ignatius to the Ephesians
     The Letter of Ignatius to the Magnesians
     The Letter of Ignatius to the Trallians
     The Letter of Ignatius to the Romans
     The Letter of Ignatius to the Philadelphians
     The Letter of Ignatius to the Smyrneans
     The Letter of Ignatius to Polycarp
     The Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians
     The Letter of Barnabas
     The Preaching of Peter
     The Fragments of Papias

EARLY CHRISTIAN APOCALYPSES
     The Revelation of John
     The Shepherd of Hermas
     The Apocalypse of Peter


Lost Christianities:  The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

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Lost Christianities:  The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, 2003, 320 pp.

"Ehrman displays expert knowledge of the texts and the best modern scholarship.... His balanced exposition of the Gospel of Thomas, with its careful delineation of the different materials in it, is outstanding."-- America

"The early Christian Church was a chaos of contending beliefs. Some groups of Christians claimed that there was not one God but two or twelve or thirty. Some believed that the world had not been created by God but by a lesser, ignorant deity. Certain sects maintained that Jesus was human but not divine, while others said he was divine but not human."

"In Lost Christianities, Bart D. Ehrman offers a fascinating look at these early forms of Christianity and shows how they came to be suppressed, reformed, or forgotten. All of these groups insisted that they upheld the teachings of Jesus and his apostles, and they all possessed writings that bore out their claims, books reputedly produced by Jesus's own followers. Modern archaeological work has recovered a number of key texts, and as Ehrman shows, these spectacular discoveries reveal religious diversity that says much about the ways in which history gets written by the winners."

"Ehrman's discussion ranges from considerations of various 'lost scriptures'--including forged gospels supposedly written by Simon Peter, Jesus's closest disciple, and Judas Thomas, Jesus's alleged twin brother--to the disparate beliefs of such groups as the Jewish-Christian Ebionites, the anti-Jewish Marcionites, and various 'Gnostic' sects. Ehrman examines in depth the battles that raged between 'proto-orthodox Christians' -- those who eventually compiled the canonical books of the New Testament and standardized Christian belief -- and the groups they denounced as heretics and ultimately overcame."

"Scrupulously researched and lucidly written, Lost Christianities is an eye-opening account of politics, power, and the clash of ideas among Christians in the decades before one group came to see its views prevail."

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Table of Contents

     Chapter One: Recouping Our Loses

PART ONE: Forgeries and Discoveries
     Chapter Two: The Ancient Discovery of a Forgery: Serapion and the Gospel of Peter
     Chapter Three: The Ancient Forgery of a Discovery: The Acts of Paul and Thecla
     Chapter Four: The Discovery on an Ancient Forgery: the Coptic Gospel of Thomas
     Chapter Five: The Forgery of an Ancient Discovery? Morton Smith and the Secret Gospel of Mark

PART TWO: Heresies and Orthodoxies
     Chapter Six: At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites
     Chapter Seven: Christians "In the Know": The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism
     Chapter Eight: On the Road to Nicea: The Broad Swath of Proto-Orthodox Christianity

PART THREE: Winners and Losers
     Chapter Nine: The Quest for Orthodoxy
     Chapter Ten: The Arsenal of the Conflicts: Polemical Treatises and Personal Slurs
     Chapter Eleven: Additional Weapons in the Proto-Orthodox Arsenal: Forgeries and Falsifications
     Chapter Twelve: The Invention of Scripture: The Formation of the Proto-Orthodox New Testament
     Chapter Thirteen: Winners, Losers, and the Question of Tolerance


Lost Scriptures:  Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament

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Lost ScripturesBooks that Did Not Make It into the New Testament
by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, 2004, 352 pp.

"While most people think that the twenty-seven books of the New Testament are the only sacred writings of the early Christians, this is not at all the case."

"A companion volume to Bart Ehrman's Lost Christianities, this book offers an anthology of up-to-date and readable translations of many non-canonical writings from the first centuries after Christ -- texts that have been for the most part lost or neglected for almost two millennia."

"Here is an array of remarkably varied writings from early Christian groups whose visions of Jesus differ dramatically from our contemporary understanding. Readers will find Gospels supposedly authored by the apostle Philip, James the brother of Jesus, Mary Magdalen, and others. There are Acts originally ascribed to John and to Thecla, Paul's female companion; there are Epistles allegedly written by Paul to the Roman philosopher Seneca. And there is an apocalypse by Simon Peter that offers a guided tour of the afterlife, both the glorious ecstasies of the saints and the horrendous torments of the damned, and an Epistle by Titus, a companion of Paul, which argues page after page against sexual love, even within marriage, on the grounds that physical intimacy leads to damnation. In all, the anthology includes fifteen Gospels, five non-canonical Acts of the Apostles, thirteen Epistles, a number of Apocalypses and Secret Books, and several Canon lists."

"Ehrman has included a general introduction, plus brief introductions to each piece. This important anthology gives readers a vivid picture of the range of beliefs that battled each other in the first centuries of the Christian era."

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Table of Contents
General Introduction

NON-CANONICAL GOSPELS
     The Gospel of the Nazareans
     The Gospel According to the Ebionites
     The Gospel According to the Hebrews
     The Gospel According to the Egyptians
     The Coptic Gospel of Thomas
     Papyrus Egerton 2: The Unknown Gospel
     The Gospel of Peter
     The Gospel of Mary
     The Gospel of Philip
     The Gospel of Truth
     The Gospel of the Savior
     The Infancy Gospel of Thomas
     The Proto-Gospel of James
     The Epistle of the Apostles
     The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter
     The Second Treatise of Great Seth
     The Secret Gospel of Mark

NON-CANONICAL ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
     The Acts of John
     The Acts of Paul
     The Acts of Thecla
     The Acts of Thomas
     The Acts of Peter

 


NON-CANONICAL EPISTLES AND RELATED WRITINGS

     The Third Letter to the Corinthians
     Correspondence of Paul and Seneca
     Paul's Letter to the Laodiceans
     The Letter of 1 Clement
     The Letter of  2 Clement
     The "Letter of Peter to James" and its "Reception"
     The Homilies of Clement
     Ptolemy's Letter to Flora
     The Treatise of the Resurrection
     The Didache: The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles
     The Letter of Barnabas
     The Preachings of PeterPseudo-Titus

NON-CANONICAL APOCALYPSES AND REVELATORY TREATISES
     The Shepherd of Herman
     The Apocalypse of Peter
     The Apocalypse of Paul
     The Secret Book of John
     On the Origin of the World
     The First Thought in Three Forms
     The Hymn of the Pearl

CANONICAL LISTS
     The Muratorian Canon
     The Canon of Origen of Alexandria
     The Canon of Eusebius
     The Canon of Athansius of Alexandria
     The Canon at the Third Synod of Carthage


Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why

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Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why
by Bart Ehrman

HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, 256 pages.

"When world-class biblical scholar Bart Ehrman first began to study the texts of the Bible in their original languages he was startled to discover the multitude of mistakes and intentional alterations that had been made by earlier translators. In Misquoting Jesus, Ehrman tells the story behind the mistakes and changes that ancient scribes made to the New Testament and shows the great impact they had upon the Bible we use today. He frames his account with personal reflections on how his study of the Greek manuscripts made him abandon his once ultraconservative views of the Bible."

"Since the advent of the printing press and the accurate reproduction of texts, most people have assumed that when they read the New Testament they are reading an exact copy of Jesus's words or Saint Paul's writings. And yet, for almost fifteen hundred years these manuscripts were hand copied by scribes who were deeply influenced by the cultural, theological, and political disputes of their day. Both mistakes and intentional changes abound in the surviving manuscripts, making the original words difficult to reconstruct. For the first time, Ehrman reveals where and why these changes were made and how scholars go about reconstructing the original words of the New Testament as closely as possible."

"Ehrman makes the provocative case that many of our cherished biblical stories and widely held beliefs concerning the divinity of Jesus, the Trinity, and the divine origins of the Bible itself stem from both intentional and accidental alterations by scribes -- alterations that dramatically affected all subsequent versions of the Bible."

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Table of Contents
Introduction
The Beginnings of Christian Scripture
The Copyists of the Early Christian Writings
Texts of the New Testament
Editions, Manuscripts, and Differences
The Quest for Origins
Methods and Discoveries
Originals That Matter
Theologically Motivated Alterations of the Text
The Social Worlds of the Text
CONCLUSION: CHANGING SCRIPTURE
Scribes, Authors, and Readers

The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture:  The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament

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The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture:  The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament
by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, 328 pages, 1996.

"The victors not only write the history, they also reproduce the texts. In a study that explores the close relationship between the social history of early Christianity and the textual tradition of the emerging New Testament, Ehrman examines how early struggles between Christian 'heresy' and 'orthodoxy' affected the transmission of the documents over which, in part, the debates were waged."

"His thesis is that proto-orthodox scribes of the second and third centuries occasionally altered their sacred texts for polemical reasons--for example, to oppose adoptionists like the Ebionites, who claimed that Christ was a man but not God, or docetists like Marcion, who claimed that he was God but not a man, or Gnostics like the Ptolemaeans, who claimed that he was two beings, one divine and one human."

"Ehrman's thorough and incisive analysis makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the social and intellectual history of early Christianity and raises intriguing questions about the relationship of readers to their texts, especially in an age when scribes could transform the documents they reproduced to make them say what they were already thought to mean, effecting thereby the orthodox corruption of Scripture."

Excerpts below from some reviews of the book:

"Bart D. Ehrman has written a book which will stimulate the casual reader and intrigue the academic or professional reader of the New Testament....An excellent work and definitely invaluable for lay or scholars."-- Anglican Theological Review

"This book is highly recommended as an excellent work of scholarship that is of great importance in the development of New Testament studies. Here is a new voice that addresses some of the central theological and historical issues."-- Journal of Theological Studies

"[Ehrman's] arguments throughout deserve our attention; they are frequently compelling....Clearly set out and persuasively presented....Variants that treat of Christ's person and function must from now on always be considered with reference to Ehrman's thesis."-- Novum Testamentum

"[A] detailed and carefully documented study."-- Religious Studies Review

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The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration

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The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration
by Bruce M. Metzger and Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, 2005, 384 pages, 27 halftones & line illustrations.

"This thoroughly revised edition of Bruce M. Metzger's classic work is the most up-to-date manual available for the textual criticism of the New Testament.  The Text of the New Testament, Fourth Edition, has been invigorated by the addition of Bart D. Ehrman -- author of numerous best-selling books on the New Testament--as a coauthor."

"This revision brings the discussion of such important matters as the early Greek manuscripts and methods of textual criticism up to date, integrating recent research findings and approaches into the body of the text (as opposed to previous revisions, which compiled new material and notes into appendices). The authors also examine new areas of interest, including the use of computers in the collection and evaluation of manuscript evidence and the effects that social and ideological influences had upon the work of scribes."

"The standard text for courses in biblical studies and the history of Christianity since its first publication in 1964, The Text of the New Testament is poised to become a definitive resource for a whole new generation of students.

Excerpt from a review of 3rd Edition:

"Well-researched and expressed, with that rare elegance of style that graces the English language. It is a model for scholarly endeavor, as well as the definitive text in English on the subject." -- Louis I. Hodges, Columbia Bible College and Seminary

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Table of Contents

PART I. THE MATERIALS FOR THE TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF
             THE NEW TESTAMENT

     Chapter 1. The Making of Ancient Books
           I. The Materials of Ancient Books
           II. The Forms of Ancient Books
           III. Ancient Scribes and Their Handiwork
           IV. "Helps for Readers" in New Testament Manuscripts
           V. Statistics of Greek Manuscripts of the New Testament

     Chapter 2. Important Witnesses to the Text of the
                      New Testament

           I. Greek Manuscripts of the New Testament
           II. Ancient Versions of the New Testament
           III. Patristic Quotations from the New Testament

PART II: THE HISTORY OF NEW TESTAMENT TEXTUAL
              CRITICISM AS REFLECTED IN PRINTED EDITIONS
              OF THE GREEK TESTAMENT

     Chapter 3. The Precritical Period: The Origin and
                       Dominance of the Textus Receptus

          I. From Ximenes and Erasmus to the Elzevirs
          II. The Collection of Variant Readings

    Chapter 4. The Modern Critical Period: From Griesbach
                       to the Present

          I. The Beginnings of Scientific Textual Criticism of
              the New Testament
          II. The Overthrow of the Textus Receptus

PART III: THE APPLICATION OF TEXTUAL CRITICISM TO
               THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

     Chapter 5. The Origins of Textual Criticism as a
                        Scholarly Discipline

    

 

Chapter 6. Modern Methods of Textual Criticism
          I. The Classical Method of Textual Criticism
          II. Reactions Against Classical Textual Criticism
          III. Local Texts and Ancient Editions: Burnett Hillman Streeter
          IV. Alternative Methods of Textual Criticism

          V. Conjectural Emendation
          VI. Methods of Determining Family Relationships

               Among Manuscripts

          VII. The Use of Computers in New Testament
               Textual Criticism

          VIII. Significant Ongoing Projects

    Chapter 7. The Causes of Error in the Transmission of the
                      Text of the New Testament

          I. Unintentional Changes
          II. Intentional Changes

     Chapter 8. History of the Transmission of the Text
                         of the New Testament

          I. Complications in Establishing the Original Text
          II. Dissemination of Early Christian Literature
          III. The Rise and Development of the New Testament
               Text Types
          IV. The Use of Textual Data for the Social History of Early
               Christianity

     Chapter 9. The Practice of New Testament Textual Criticism
          I. Basic Criteria for the Evaluation of Variant Readings
          II. The Process of Evaluating Variant Readings
          III. The Textual Analysis of Selected Passages

Bibliography
General Index
Index of New Testament Passages


After the New Testament:  A Reader in Early Christianity

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After the New Testament:  A Reader in Early Christianity
edited by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, 1998, 464 pp.

"The remarkable diversity of Christianity during the formative years before the Council of Nicea has become a plain, even natural, 'fact' for most ancient historians. Until now, however, there has been no sourcebook of primary texts that reveals the many varieties of Christian beliefs, practices, ethics, experiences, confrontations, and self-understandings."

"To help readers recognize and experience the rich diversity of the early Christian movement, After the New Testament provides a wide range of texts from the second and third centuries, both 'orthodox' and 'heterodox,' including such works as the Apostolic Fathers, the writings of Nag Hammadi, early pseudepigrapha, martyrologies, anti-Jewish tractates, heresiologies, canon lists, church orders, liturgical texts, and theological treatises."

"Rather than providing only fragments of texts, this collection prints large excerpts -- entire documents wherever possible -- organized under social and historical rubrics. This unique reader's concise and informative introductions and clear and up-to-date English translations make it ideal for courses on the New Testament, Christian Origins, Early Church History, or Late Antiquity. It will also be of interest to anyone--student, scholar, and general reader alike -- interested in the entire range of early Christian literature from the period after the New Testament up to the writings of the so-called father of church history, Eusebius."

•  Features up-to-date and easily readable translations.
•  Incorporates a general introduction to the development of Christianity in the period (chapter 1), concise and informative introductions to each of the historical categories of texts, and an introduction to each individual text

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Table of Contents
Preface

1. General Introduction

2. The Spread of Christianity: Early Christians and their Converts
1. The Acts of John
2. The Acts of Thomas
3. Justin: Dialogue with Trypho

3. The Attack on Christianity: Persecution and Martyrdom in the Early Church
4. The Letter of Ignatius to the Romans
5. The Martyrdom of Polycarp
6. The Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons
7. The Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs
8. The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas

4. The Defense of Early Christianity: The Early Christian Apologists
9. Minucius Felix:Octavius
10. Justin: First Apology
11. Athenagoras: Plea Regarding the Christians
12. The Letter to Diognetus
13. Tertullian: Apology
14. Origen: Against Celus

5. Anti-Judaic Polemic: The Opposition to Jews in Early Christianity
15. The Epistle of Barnabas
16. Justin: Dialogue with Trypho
17. Melito of Sardis: On the Passover
18. Tertullian: Answer to the Jews

6. The Diversity of Early Christianity: Writings Later Deemed Heretical

Jewish-Christian Texts
19. The Gospel According to the Ebionites
20. The Letter of Peter to James and Its Reception
21. The Homilies of Clement

Gnostic-Christian Texts
22. The Secret Book of John
23. The First Thought in Three Forms
24. The Gospel of Truth
25. Ptolemy's Letter to Flora
26. On the Origin of the World
27. The Wisdom of Jesus Christ
28. The Treatise on the Resurrection
29. The Hymn of the Pearl
30. The Gospel of Philip

7. The Internal Conflicts of Christianity: Writings against the "Heretics"

Proto-Orthodox Heresiologists
31. Irenaeus: Against the Heresies
32. Tertullian: Prescription of the Heretics
33. Tertullian: On the Flesh of Christ
34. Tertullian: Against Praxeas

Gnostic Heresiologists
35. The Coptic Apocalypse of Peter
36. The Second Treatise of the Great Seth

8. "Apostolic" Writings Outside the Canon: New Testament Apocrypha/Pseudepigrapha

Apocryphal Gospels
37. The Gospel of Thomas
38. The Gospel of Peter
39. The Proto-Gospel of James
40. The Infancy Gospel of Thomas
41. The Epistle of the Apostles

Apocryphal Acts
42. The Acts of Peter
43. The Acts of Paul
44. The Acts of Thecla
45. The Acts of John

Apocryphal Epistles
46. Paul's Third Letter to the Corinthians
47. The Correspondence Between Paul and Seneca
48. Paul's Letter to the Laodiceans

Apocryphal Apocalypses
49. The Apocalypse of Peter
50. The Apocalypse of Paul

9. The New Scriptures: Canonical Lists in Early Christianity
51. The Muratorian Canon
52. Irenaeus: Against the Heresies
53. Origen of Alexandria
54. Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History

10. The Structure of Early Christianity: The Development of Church Offices
55. First Clement
56. The Didache
57. The Letters of Ignatius to the Ephesians, Magnesians, and Smyrneans
58. Hippolytus: The Apostolic Tradition
59. The Didascalia
60. Cyprian: The Unity of the Catholic Church

11. The Development of the Liturgy: Ritual Practices in Early Christianity
61. The Didache
62. Justin: First Apology
63. Tertullian: Apology
64. Tertullian: On the Crown
65. Hippolytus: The Apostolic Tradition
66. The Didascalia

12. The Proclamation of the World: Homilies in Early Christianity
67. Second Clement
68. Origen: Homilies on Luke
69. Origen: Homilies on Genesis

13. Leading the Upright Life: The Role of Ethics in Early Christianity
70. The Didache
71. Clement of Alexandria: The Educator
72. Tertullian: To His Wife

14. The Emergence of Orthodoxy: Theological Writings of Proto-Orthodox Christians
73. Tertullian: Against Praxeas
74. Origen: On First Principles
75. Novatian: On the Trinity
76. Dionysius of Rome: Letter to Dionysius of Alexandria


Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E.:  A Reader

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Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E.:  A Reader
edited by Bart D. Ehrman and Andrew S. Jacobs

Oxford University Press, 2003, 528 pp., 14 illus. & 1 map

"Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E: A Reader collects primary sources of the early Christian world, from the last 'Great Persecution' under Emperor Diocletian to the Council of Chalcedon in the mid-fifth century. During this period Christianity rose to prominence in the Roman Empire, developed new notions of sanctity and heresy, and spread beyond the Mediterranean world."

"This reader incorporates standard texts -- from authors such as Athanasius, Augustine, and Eusebius -- in the most recent translations and also includes less familiar texts, some of which appear in English translation for the first time. Presented in their entirety or in long excerpts, the texts are arranged thematically and cover such topics as orthodoxy, conversion, asceticism, and art and architecture."

"The editors provide introductions for each chapter, text, and image, situating the selections historically, geographically, and intellectually. Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E.: A Reader highlights the ways in which religion and culture were mutually transformed during this crucial historical period."

"Ideal for courses in Early Christianity, Christianity in Late Antiquity, and History of Christianity, this reader is an excellent companion to Bart D. Ehrman's After the New Testament (OUP, 1998)."

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Table of Contents

1. General Introduction

2. The End of Persecution
     1. The Acts of Saint Felix
     2. Lactantius: The Death of the Persecutors

3. Christianity and the Imperial House
     3. The Origin of Constantine
     4. Eusebius: The Life of Constantine
     5. Zosimus: The New History
     6. Julian: Letters on Religion
     7. Ephraim: Hymns Against Julian
     8. Ambrose: On the Death of Theodosius

4.  Christianity and Roman Law
     9. Theodosian Code: On Religion
     10. The Novellas

5. Becoming a Christian

   Conversion
   11. Augustine: Confessions
   12. Sulpicius Severus: The Life of Saint Martin
   13. Severus of Minorca: Letter on the Conversion of the Jews

   Catechesis and Initiation
   14. Augustine: On Catechizing the Unlearned
   15. John Chrysostom: Second Baptismal Instruction

6. Christian Leadership
   16. Canons of Hippolytus
   17. Testament of the Lord
   18. Gregory of Nazianzus: On Himself and the Bishops
   19. Aphrahat: Demonstration 10: On Pastors

7. Heresy and Orthodoxy

    Trinitarian Controversy
    20. Arius: Thalia
    21. Alexander of Alexandria: Letter to Alexander
          of Constantinople
    22. Arius: Letter to Alexander of Alexandria
    23. Gregory of Nazianzus: Third Theological Oration

    Christological Controversy
    24. Nestorius: Letter to Cyril of Alexandria
    25. Cyril of Alexandria: Third Letter to Nestorius

    The Nature of Humanity
    26. Athanasius: On the Incarnation of the Word
    27. Jerome: Letter to Ctesiphon (Against Pelagius)

    The Nature of the Church
    28. Optatus: Against the Donatists
    29. Augustine: Sermon on the Dispute with the Donatists

    Judaizing Heresies
    30. John Chrysostom: First Speech Against the Judaizers
    31. Epiphanius: Medicine Chest Against Heresies:
          The Nazoraeans

 

8. Canons and Creeds
    32. Canons of Elvira
    33. Creed and Canons of Nicaea
    34. Creed and Canons of Constantinople
    35. Canons of Ephesus
    36. Definition and Canons of Chalcedon

9. Asceticism and Monasticism
    37. Jerome: Letter to Eustochium
    38. Pachomian Rules
    39. Sayings of the Desert Fathers
    40. Antony: Letters
    41. Aphrahat: Demonstration 6: On Covenanters

10. Pilgrims, Relics, and Holy Places
     42. Egeria: Travel Journal
     43. Gregory of Nyssa: Letter on Pilgrimage
     44. Victricius of Rouen: In Praise of the Saints
     45. Lucianus: On the Discovery of Saint Stephen

11. Saints' Lives
     46. Athanasius: Life of Antony
     47. Theodoret: Religious History
     48. History of the Monks of Egypt
     49. The Life of Pelagia

12. The Christian Bible

     Canon and Apocrypha
     50. Eusebius: Church History
     51. Athanasius: Easter Letter 39
     52. Priscillian: On Faith and Apocrypha
     53. Augustine: On Christian Doctrine

     Biblical Interpretation
     54. Tyconius: Book of Rules
     55. Diodore of Tarsus: Commentary on Psalms
     56. Gregory of Nyssa: Homilies on the Song of Songs

13. Christian Art and Architecture
      57. Paulinus of Nola: Song on Felix's Church
      58. Christian Art in Late Antiquity

14. Christianity Outside the Roman Empire
      59. Sozomen: Church History
      60. Acts of the Persian Martyrs
      61. Passion of Saint Shushanik


The Truth & Fiction in the Da Vinci Code: A Historian Explores What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, & Constantine

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Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code:  A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine
by Bart D. Ehrman

Oxford University Press, 2004, 240 pages; 10 halftones

"No less interesting than the book it is responding to.... An enjoyable and very accessible tour of a complex subject, Truth and Fiction in the Da Vinci Code is a book that fans of Brown's novel will no doubt find just as engaging." -- St Petersburg Times

"A staggeringly popular work of fiction, Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code has stood atop The New York Times Bestseller List for well over a year, with millions of copies in print. But this fast-paced mystery is unusual in that the author states up front that the historical information in the book is all factually accurate. But is this claim true?"

"As historian Bart D. Ehrman shows in this informative and witty book, The Da Vinci Code is filled with numerous historical mistakes. Did the ancient church engage in a cover-up to make the man Jesus into a divine figure? Did Emperor Constantine select for the New Testament -- from some 80 contending Gospels -- the only four Gospels that stressed that Jesus was divine? Was Jesus Christ married to Mary Magdalene? Did the Church suppress Gospels that told the secret of their marriage?"

"Bart Ehrman thoroughly debunks all of these claims. But the book is not merely a laundry list of Brown's misreading of history. Throughout, Ehrman offers a wealth of fascinating background information -- all historically accurate -- on early Christianity. He describes, for instance, the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls (which are not Christian in content, contrary to The Da Vinci Code); outlines in simple terms how scholars of early Christianity determine which sources are most reliable; and explores the many other Gospels that have been found in the last half century."

"Ehrman separates fact from fiction, the historical realities from the flights of literary fancy. Readers of The Da Vinci Code who would like to know the truth about the beginnings of Christianity and the life of Jesus will find this book riveting."

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Table of Contents

Part 1

     The Emperor Constantine, the New Testament, and the Other Gospels.
     The Role of Constantine in Early Christianity
     The Discoveries of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi Library
     The Other Gospels -- Constantine and the Formation of the New Testament Canon

Part 2

     Jesus and Mary Magdalene.
     The Historical Sources for Jesus
     The Historical Jesus of Our Sources
    Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and marriage
    The Feminine in early Christianity.


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